This paper examines the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by theinherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defensemechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize thesecurity requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity,confidentiality, integrity and availability issues. Next, a comprehensiveoverview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented inview of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threatsare discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a survey of the existingsecurity protocols and algorithms that are adopted in the existing wirelessnetwork standards, such as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and the long-termevolution (LTE) systems. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art inphysical-layer security, which is an emerging technique of securing the opencommunications environment against eavesdropping attacks at the physical layer.We also introduce the family of various jamming attacks and theircounter-measures, including the constant jammer, intermittent jammer, reactivejammer, adaptive jammer and intelligent jammer. Additionally, we discuss theintegration of physical-layer security into existing authentication andcryptography mechanisms for further securing wireless networks. Finally, sometechnical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing aresummarized and the future trends in wireless security are discussed.
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